STELLAR FORMATION
 

PLATI: Aether theory does not adhere to the idea of collapsing pre-existing matter clouds, what are the early stages of stellar life like?

Æther theory holds that before planets, suns and galaxies come into existence a vortex must be initiated and stabilized first, which then subsequently accumulates and forms the physical celestial bodies through a slow steady process of gradual accretion. During the initial stage of stellar formation, the central mass is very small in diameter, and rotates on axis several times per second. Such a mass is in centrifugal equilibrium with the vortex, and each particle is in an exclusive individual orbit about the center. These small super-cyclones, sometimes called Herbig-Haro objects, also display lengthy filamentary polar streamers. Without an appreciation of the role played by the vortex in the generation of stellar masses, such stellar situations defy description by standard model physics. Intense vortex inflow and high æthic flux create appearance of intense gravitational fields, despite a miniscule physical core. Thermal agitation caused by high æther flow would produce intense surface brightness. Radiation emitted from the stellar surface traveling upstream through highly collimated æther inflows, would appear grossly redshifted, and the high angular velocity of the core would produce blurring of the spectral emission and absorption lines.

ARRI: Are there stages to the evolving star that we have not considered? Does the vortex undergo any changes during its history.

The scarce natural abundance of dust and gas in space limits accretion rates, so that large bodies of matter collect slowly over very long periods of time. The size and growth rate of a vortex and the emerging central body is regulated by the amount of mass in circulation in and around it, and the rate at which excess energy can be cast off as radiation. As matter draws in, the vortex magnitude and size of the physical object eventually reach a dynamic balance. Once the thermal radiation outflow rate reaches critical levels, the vortex inflow rate increases drastically, so that matter no longer remains at the center and is continuously ejected as bipolar outflow. Thermal fractionation of the accretion disc results from this type of recirculation, where lighter more volatile elements are cast to greater distances from the central sun. There is no thermo-nuclear activity in such extended circulations, only conditions of extreme thermal agitation because the gas pressure and density are still too low. This circulation continues until the mass accumulation generates a large thermal resistance which slows down the vortex. The weakened vortex allows matter to linger at the center, further choking off the æther flow. This choking effect is also not instantaneous, but pinches off the vortex gradually, so that the matter gains angular momentum, and becomes brilliantly incandescent. When the matter becomes sufficiently dense to fully obstruct the vortex, the size of the Protostar shrinks rapidly due to disappearance of the external physical flow loop. With the cessation of the polar plumes, the energy of the vortex is now directed to thermal agitation, increasing the temperature, luminosity and angular velocity of the central sun. The increasing solar radiation further stratifies the accretion disk so that elements tend to concentrate in annular rings according to density. Lower density elements are driven to the outer belts, and the heavier to the inner belts. This is a deliberate preparation and conditioning of the accretion disk, and lays the groundwork for the construction of terrestrial planets.

Angular momentum and luminosity are in fact two different aspects of the same phenomena produced by a vortex. A gain in luminosity results in a loss of angular momentum, and conversely, a reduction in luminosity produces a gain in angular momentum. This is because the vortex, though optically invisible, has as much if not more angular momentum than the accumulated matter. A change in the angular velocity of one is not necessarily immediately reflected in the other, and produces a phase shift. Sudden changes in star diameter due to a partial collapse increase the rotation rate due to conservation of momentum, and create a large phase shift. The vortex, which now suddenly lags behind, resists this angular acceleration of the mass, creating drag. This triggers a rise in luminosity, since energy used to retard rotation is a kind of braking force. The energy stored in luminosity allows the vortex to overcorrect the angular momentum, causing the rotation speed of the star to drop. The rotation speed of the star then lags behind, which the vortex now attempts to accelerate. Accelerating the angular momentum of the star occurs at the expense of luminosity. Energy is then stored as excess rotation. The cycle then repeats.

ARCI: What happens when a star changes size or luminosity?

A sudden size change upsets the equilibrium between vortic momentum and the physical angular momentum, and produces pulsating Variable Stars, the third stage of stellar formation. Small changes to the mass or luminosity of stars allows the momentum inflow rate of the vortex and the rotation rate of associated mass to remain synchronized. Rapid changes, such as depletion of nuclear fuels, rapid matter accumulation, or the choking of the vortex, cause relatively abrupt changes in diameter and luminosity.  Depending on the mass of the star the period of this cycle can vary from a few days to weeks. Such oscillations can persist for centuries, and maybe longer for very massive stars.  Actual changes in rotation rates would be very small, but the changes in luminosity could be very large. Short term such periods are very repeatable and stable due to the sluggishness of large masses and the enormous inertia of the vortex.

FAUSTI: Can the energy in stars be fully explained by nuclear reactions?

Abrupt and wild power surges of the variable phase trigger nuclear fusion reactions when the stellar mass has increased sufficiently to support them. Hydrogen and helium isotopes then fuse allowing the further production of heavier metals. This is the fourth phase of stellar life. These reactions may seem to radiate energy in excess of what they consume, however this must clearly be an illusion. These reactions certainly cannot be primary sources of energy, since enormous levels of energy were first required to make the constituents. This energy cannot come solely from the destruction of elementary particles, since they have no more energy than the æther, just in isokinetic form. Thermal energy is linear motion of particles of mass, which must to be accelerated to achieve that condition. Mass particles suspended in the midst of so-called gravitational fields deep in suns would be subjected to equal forces from all directions, and tend to remain stationary. It is unclear how such forces of attraction could produce linear motion. This force would have to come from the elementary particles themselves, which is equivalent to saying they accelerate themselves, which is an illogical statement to say the least. Tremendous thermal energy is present in stellar objects, and some of the energy released is produced in nuclear reactions, however such releases merely consume energy stored in previous phases. Other truly inexhaustible mechanisms must be considered that can account for the stupendous amount of thermal energy present even in suns too small to maintain nuclear fires, such as white and brown dwarfs. Only the power of a vortex can provide such a limitless and unending energy source.

Homunculus Nebula	Supernova Remnant

PLATI: How are stars made to disperse their materials?

Even though stars could continue radiating almost indefinitely, this is not their only goal. Eventually their rich transmuted resources need to be harvested, and further enriched by new generations of stellar evolution. This requires the contents to be dispersed through space, which can only be accomplished by a gigantic explosion. This leaves behind a Planetary Nebula. This signals the fifth phase in the life of a star. The general understanding of explosive processes leads to the assumption that they are the result of sudden releases of energy. Explosions of stellar objects are not releases, but are rearrangements of energy. There is no more energy during or after disruptive events as there was just prior to them, it has simply shifted to different patterns. This energy redistribution can proceed by centrifugal failure or polar eruption. Centrifugal failure occurs when the vortex has been blocked or impeded, leaving a rapidly spinning stellar body with insufficient centripetal restraining forces. The result is a rapidly expanding annular shaped equatorial ring of hot gases. Initially such objects appear quite luminous, but fade fast as matter suddenly liberated from confinement rapidly radiates accumulated thermal energy. Once the gas density drops and no new thermal energy is acquired, and the luminosity drops quickly and drastically. If the vortex has only been partially eliminated, the core remains active, and harbors a small remnant of rapidly spinning mass, or if entirely destroyed disperses the mass entirely. The remaining core does not re-accumulate matter, since it is now centered in a region of space that has been swept clean. A second form of disruption, polar eruption, occurs when the vortex has increased in power and there is an excess of centripetal force. This drives up stellar interior temperatures until the star literally blows its top and bottom and erupts from the poles. Once the poles are breeched, the vortex follows close behind preventing collapse of the plume. This creates large fountains of incandescent matter spilling off into immense cloud-like formations known as a Homunculus Nebula. Usually this is not a short lived event, but continues for many centuries, with luminosities remaining at high levels for months and even years. Such outbursts can subside and have quiescent periods followed by secondary eruptions. Since this process consumes the star’s mass, it cannot continue indefinitely, and sooner or later must cease, leaving behind two large clouds of dispersed stellar material. The sixth and final phase of stellar life is during the dispersal of the remnants, where the constituents are further segregated and graded by the forces and pressures of interstellar space.

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GALAXIES and FORMATIONS

PLATI: Did galaxies all begin formation at the same time?

Since all things seen in nature have modest beginnings at birth, there is little reason to assume that galaxies should be any different. Galaxies should logically grow from humble beginnings as do mice, trees and human beings. Although the idea that a galaxy could grow from a small kernel to transcendent magnificence is not necessarily an easy view to accept, it is certainly in accord with the general understanding of natural evolutionary processes. Never in nature is there seen any evidence of fully fledged birth, but always things proceed from a small seed onward to adult maturity. Such processes have the hallmarks of nurturing and growth management. Such development proceeds as a child would to maturity, at first to crawl, then to small steps, then finally the full strides of the adult. Manageable, achievable, feasible and especially thinkable, these are the types of properties that should be associated with galactic creation and evolution

GALI: If there is no pre-existing matter in the universe, where do galaxies get the materials necessary for star formation?

A galaxy is more than an accidental clumping of stars, but a massively organized and concerted physical effort, whose primary physical role is that of an absolutely huge and immense manufacturing facility. This manufacturing process begins at a single source which is present at the heart of every galaxy, the centrally located bi-lateral neutron beam emissions. These two beams, which jet out from the north and south poles, are the precious primal raw material produced by the galaxy. There is no other source of matter. Every bit of matter visible in galaxies first emanates from this central source, there being no such thing as imported or pre-existing matter. Given the stupendous amount of matter in typical galaxies, each such jet must have a very long and uninterrupted history, being in unfailing and ceaseless production for untold billions upon billions of years. One inescapable fact is that they must have also had beginnings, a time when they were newborns. The output volume during such early times was undoubtedly small, requiring ages and ages to build up power and capacity just to get enough matter to make a handful of stars, let alone hundreds of millions of them. Quite possibly, these slow and laborious but necessary initial phases have not been given much thought in developing conventional theories of galactic evolution. Current estimates of the age of the universe would need to be expanded by many orders of magnitude if the true amount of effort and labor required for galactic construction were taken into consideration.

PLATI: Where do the heavier elements come from?

The Earth has a surprisingly extensive variety of elements, the Abundances of which bear almost no resemblance to that found in the universe in general. Earth has apparently been the beneficiary of an enrichment process that has skewed the ratios of elements to a most unnatural degree. Although many of these elements can be found in the Sun, elements heavier than Iron are exceedingly rare if not totally lacking there. The very existence of extra heavy elements, from Iron leading up to Uranium, is particularly troublesome to explain. Of course, it is easy to resort to expedient explanations, like massive Supernova explosions, releasing so much energy that they create all the remaining elements of the periodic table instantly. Although it can be agreed that these events do indeed offer very spectacular fireworks displays, they are not nearly as energetic as they might at first appear. The cause of their demise and eruption are attributable more to the condition of the underlying vortex than to unimaginably high internal pressures that supposedly can no longer be contained. Higher pressures and temperature are not the only answer to all nuclear synthesis issues. Often the concentration of other elements in the environment is far more important than extreme thermal conditions. Slow Neutrons are the critical ingredient for the synthesis of elements, not high speed protons or electrons. Useful slow neutrons are only found where they can be emitted, shielded, absorbed and reflected by other elements that have certain unique properties. Each one of these processes relies to some degree on chance and probability, and most importantly of all, time. None of these are well represented in the brief cataclysm of a Supernova explosion. The capture and absorption of a neutron by an atomic nucleus is already a very unlikely event, however, the prospect of a nucleus capturing and holding on to more than one neutron at a time has almost zero probability. It is a long way from Iron to Uranium. It would take quite a few Supernovae to produce even a single atom of uranium, and that atom would unfortunately decay before the next one was created.

SARCI: It seems as if a lot of very fortunate conditions would have to be met before the universe could produce elements, is this an argument for Intelligent Design?

Processes are only useful if repeatable, not when the result of accidental coincidences or flukes. Few useful chemicals in daily use were the end result of heating mixtures of arbitrary ingredients to the boiling point and simply hoping for a good outcome. Often simple compounds can only be produced by many stages of refinement and filtration. Frequently this process requires other compounds to act as catalysts and accelerators, and may produce by-products. These process steps generally insist on very specific ratios of ingredients and exact temperatures for success. Unless everything is done just right it is possible to end up with either a disgusting sludge, or a horrible explosion. Yet when it comes to the nuclear synthesis of elements, there is quite a willingness to believe that only hydrogen, helium and a very, very hot oven are necessary. The universe may be simple and elementary in concept, but it is not simplistic. It takes more than wishful thinking to synthesize elements, it takes work. This work consists of establishing cycles, production of raw materials, and storage of crucial ingredients. Then there is mixing, reacting, straining, filtering, transporting, grading, separating, monitoring and distribution of goods, which all coincidently sound a great deal like the type of labor intensive activities performed normally in civil society every day.

FAUSTI: Have neutron beams been observed?

Neutron beams decay into hydrogen nuclei and electrons within a distance along a high speed particle beam comparable in size to the dimensions of the inner solar system. This is a microscopic distance in galactic terms. Such a beam even within our own solar system would be quite a challenge to detect.  A neutron beam is very narrow and practically invisible, and becomes observable only after the neutrons in it begin to decay into elementary hydrogen. Some of the remaining neutrons then have the opportunity to fuse with this hydrogen to form deuterium, a hydrogen isotope. Some of the deuterium has still time to capture more neutrons and form the hydrogen isotope tritium, ³He, ⁴He, and trace amounts of ⁷Li. Three simple elements, none of which can even react chemically with each other, are the sum total production of the initial output jets. These three elements and their isotopes are all continuously transmuted from neutrons by neutron fission and nuclear fusion in the short span of less than fifteen minutes. All the remaining elements, from lithium to uranium, are made from this incredibly sparse and Spartan yield in subsequent processes and stages.

FAUSTI: Are all these elements created within minutes of each other?

It may seem strange that as many as six different nucleon formations can be continuously produced in such a relatively short time interval, but this is because of the nature of a linear particle beam. While true that the beam itself travels at a high rate of speed, relative motion amongst the particles themselves is almost nonexistent. Instead of dealing with the mechanics of thermal neutrons burying themselves deeply into nuclei at atom smashing speeds, the particles literally creep up to each other at a leisurely pace. Neutrons that decay become elementary hydrogen almost instantly when the newly liberated proton and electron combine. The remaining neutrons are able to ignore these encircling electrons and gently drift up to the hydrogen nucleus. Although it takes the equivalent of a gigantic cosmic scale particle accelerator to create the beams initially, actual fusion takes place under the most placid of conditions. This process might quite appropriately be considered a form of cold fusion. Once these reactions complete, and the last neutron decays, no further activity can take place, and the beam enters a chemical and nuclear dormant phase.

HOMI: Where does all the hydrogen and other formed elements go after formation in the jet?

Elements created in the initial desperately short neutron decay and fusion cycle are trapped in the hydrogen rich gas jet and are temporarily unable to progress further by either chemical or nuclear processes, and then enter the next phase where they are to be gathered together and condensed. The jets are composed not only of mixtures of hydrogen, helium and lithium, but underlying them are very swift currents of æther. These æther currents exit galactic centers at the local speed of light, and accelerate mass particles in the beams. Such beams have a very long journey ahead, covering tens of thousands of light years in distance. During this time the physical matter contained in the beam continuously accelerates and the æther stream decelerates. The æther jet streams are part of a permanent general galactic circulation and eventually follow curved paths back to the galactic plane. The particle beams, which are massive and have accumulated considerable momentum, part company with the æther streams, and are propelled almost straight out into the external isotropic æther, where they decelerate and diffuse laterally. This lateral dispersion forms large reservoirs of unprocessed cold gaseous material which are stationed like polar caps over the top and bottom of the galaxy.

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ARRI: If globular clusters are purpose built structures, what is their purpose?

Central regions of galaxies are large processing centers for the production of building materials utilized later in the construction of stars and planets. These areas can be properly considered industrial zones, where conditions are generally unsafe and unsuitable for general habitation. Not only is new matter created and partially transmuted here, but as time progresses ancient material recycles through this region and is reclaimed as well. Gaseous matter mixtures expelled from galactic centers settle into broad static clouds occupying vast space regions above and below the galactic disk. These basic raw materials are then systematically collected and concentrated, which is the primary task performed by Globular Clusters. Clusters have a large cross-section extending hundreds of light years across and therefore are very efficient collectors of loose gaseous matter. Clusters move in large elliptical orbits so that they are carried back and forth through the large gaseous reservoirs hovering above and below the galaxy. As they sweep through these gaseous regions they intercept and accrete newly produced hydrogen, helium, lithium as well as recycled matter, becoming slightly more massive with each orbital pass.

HOMI: Why are stars in a certain cluster similar? Are all clusters alike?

A second task of globular clusters to act as giant furnaces for the primary stages of transmutation of matter into heavier elements. As matter collects, globular cluster stars become large and superheated, accelerating the synthesis of complex elements, like beryllium, chlorine, oxygen, sodium and carbon. At any given moment, each cluster is in a different phase of this production cycle, and therefore exhibits completely dissimilar compositions and ages, although stars common to each individual cluster are very similar. Certain types of celestial objects, including true dwarf stars, quasars, so-called black holes, neutron stars, gaseous nebula and planets are rarely if ever found in clusters, as they would be completely without any purpose there. Typical cluster stars are rich in hydrogen and helium isotopes and have a developing light metal percentage. Although some heavier elements may be produced in hot cluster stars, this not where this type of enrichment takes place. True enrichment and nuclear synthesis takes place on the suns and planets found in the galactic disc.

HOMI: Once they have finished collecting and processing matter, what becomes of cluster stars?

Besides amassing and processing material, a third mission of clusters is to transport this material to regions where it can be utilized in the construction of stars and planets. These regions are in the plane of the galaxy, which is thousands of light years away from the polar gas reservoirs. The steeply inclined elliptical clusters orbits pass through the galactic plane twice during each orbit, and consequently cross through the main galactic vortex. This passage subjects them to steering forces that modify their orbits causing them to gradually become more aligned with the general direction of galactic rotation. This process continues for many billions of years until their orbits become more circular, and conform closely to the general trend of galactic rotation.

HOMI: How is the material in a star dispersed?

The fourth basic task performed by clusters is the dispersal of the enriched elemental gases so that they can form the raw materials for stellar nurseries. When a cluster star reaches the end of its life cycle, the elements contained are released by intentional disruption of the gravitational vortex. This event, which is seen as a supernova, must occur as they pass thought the galactic plane. The most common method seems to be the brief interruption of the vortex, which allows the thermal energy and centrifugal force to rapidly scatter the stellar contents into an expanding gas shell. Gas and dust liberated from this dispersal of globular cluster star material is then utilized in the formation of second generation stars and planets.

ARCI: What happens to cluster stars that fail to deposit their material outside the line of balance?

In the fifth and final cluster phase the unused matter is returned to the galactic center and is recycled and reprocessed. During this stage clusters may lose their cohesiveness as a unit, and the remaining stars will then follow erratic and unpredictable orbits about the galactic core, and eventually join the main accretion disc. Since this matter is already partially enriched with heavier metals, and will pass through the neutron beams a second time, it will have a high likelihood of enhanced enrichment. Since this process could theoretically be repeated many times, it would mean that the composition of latter clusters would vary greatly from that of earlier ones.

ARRI: Clusters are similar to our forrests, where trees gradually accumulate wood until they are felled and used. Is this the reason they seem to have no planets orbiting the suns?

Clusters, which have a definite purpose and lifespan, exist in different phases at different times. Generalizations about stellar types represented are therefore difficult to make, except that each cluster has very nearly the same type of stars. There is a phase when they are constructed and assembled, then they accumulate matter over periods of millions of years, then hold it for many more millions of years while transmutations take place, then they release their contents, then follows a death and dispersal phase. These phases cannot occur simultaneously in all clusters in any one particular galaxy. Clusters are produced sequentially as needed to absorb the output of galactic jets. Many millions of years are required for clusters to orbit galactic centers just once, each time absorbing a very small fraction of the total material in the polar cap gas clouds, so that hundreds are needed to be a practical transport system. They cannot all be created at once since gas production is insufficient to permit this. Their number needs to be coordinated with the overall gravitational equilibrium and mass economy of the galaxy. Their production is released once they have increased sufficiently in mass, become unstable, and are terminated. This is a harvesting task requiring great care since excessively rapid dispersal or disassociation will produce runaway gravitational side effects, expelling rogue stars in unpredictable orbits. Large numbers of supernovae are therefore never seen, since this would compromise the overall system stability, and could also produce dangerous levels of radiation. Clusters orbit intentionally through high energy gas expulsion zones, and are eventually destroyed star by star to permit recovery of the enriched gaseous contents. Being transient agglomerations, they are unsuitable for hosting terrestrial type planets intended for habitation. Clusters mature and are harvested, the remaining stars are then abandoned to decaying orbits about the galactic center. These stragglers stars can be seen orbiting at very high speeds close to the galactic core, eventually plunging into the central galactic accretion disk, where they are recycled.

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GALAXY FORMATION

NEWI: Why are galaxies generally very uniform and symetrical?

Galaxies are delicate dynamic structures and subject to instabilities resulting from construction asymmetries. A vortex interacts with the mass within it, causing the mass to accelerate, and conversely, due to conservation of momentum, mass has a corresponding decelerating effect on the power of the vortex. Asymmetrical masses in galaxies would generate unbalanced and possibly destructive eccentric forces, so that their symmetrical placement is crucial to avoid tidal instabilities. The general appearance of galaxies indicates that this concern is properly addressed during construction, such that galaxies with odd numbers of spiral arms are not seen, as these are more difficult to maintain in balance.

NEWI: What happens to all the matter that must fall inwards toward the galactic center?

Spirals ultimately curve into the center.  The spatial density of stars then increases, eventually forming a contiguous accretion disc. Stars in this region cannot turn back from this orbital fate and are doomed ultimately to destruction. All matter in this accretion disk is subducted into the galactic center, and is reprocessed. Stragglers leftover from depleted globular clusters swoop through this space at tremendous speeds in steeply inclined extremely elliptical decaying orbits. The accretion disk becomes contiguous when all available space is occupied with the dust and gas remnants of smashed suns, and the full crushing force of the galactic vortex comes to bear. Due to the relatively large surface area and extreme luminosity, these discs prodigiously emit electromagnetic energy at all wavelengths, and are among the most intense radiation sources in the universe.

ARCI: Sooner or later, all this matter must meet at the center, what then?

At the actual core atomic matter becomes plasma, and particles are accelerated to near light speed. In this gigantic cosmic choke point all matter* regresses to the most stable and robust configurations.  Although often suggested that a super massive black holes should exist at galactic centers, such cannot be the case, as no  physical object can be sufficiently robust to be permanently located there. At the center is a convergent stagnation point where all inflow meets, and then disperses by the most expedient means possible. This is a purely mechanical process, and only particles of microscopic dimensions can pass through this rigorous gauntlet.

*Cluster remnant stars straying obliquely into the accretion disk are destroyed and their contents spew into the disk. Such sudden additions of mass cause large density variations, resulting in abrupt and large changes in the luminosity, that require many days or weeks to stabilize, and cause sputtering and the production of beadlike plumes in the galactic output jet.

NEWI: What happens near the edge of the galaxy?

Stars that orbit the galaxy outside the zone of balance slowly migrate towards the outer peripheral regions. At the extreme rim they are seen entering final phases of dissolution. The non-luminous nature of the peripheral matter belt indicates that it is no longer involved in star formation. This region borders on undisturbed isotropic space which no longer supports orbital mechanics. Vortic force simply terminates at this point, and neither tangential nor centripetal forces are present. Absent restraining forces, the stars pursue their last tangential course without further modification. However, since lone stars are not seen traversing the intergalactic space, it seems that some other unknown fate awaits them. Undoubtedly these would be interesting regions for astronomers to study in better detail.

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CELESTIAL INITIATION

PLATI: What does it take to initiate a vortex, and what keeps it going?

The actual process of solar or galactic formation is seen to be quite straightforward when based on the basic assumption that all sustained processes require an uninterrupted external input of energy. If the æther were not continually in motion, all activity would soon cease because of simple friction and radiation. The creation of a solar system is not a random event, but is deliberately planned and initiated. This initiation imparts two basic impulses, a spiral motion, and a linear motion. The initial spiral Vortical motion imparted is little more than a bias favoring rotation in one direction as opposed to another, and certainly has nowhere near the angular momentum that mature systems need to function properly. The real work of generating angular momentum is the result of the constant application and amplification of this biased force on a central sphere of matter for millions and millions of years. At first this force acts on a very limited sphere of matter, but this is constantly growing and expanding through the accumulation of additional matter. During this accumulation phase the relentless application of pressure from the æther, acting through the irreversible vortex, supplies an uninterrupted and steadily increasing force. After millions of years, this vortex force becomes synchronous with the mass and in inertial balance with it. As the planet becomes large and dense, the flowing portion of the vortex no longer penetrates the surface, but instead projects a wave of momentum only. Movement of the æther is therefore impossible to detect near the surface and for some considerable distance around it.

NEWI: Why do stars seem to be on their own trajectories through interstellar space?

The other initial impulse provided to new systems is a linear or Proper Motion. Without linear motion, only a short lived and feeble accretion disk could form in the rarified gas and dust of interstellar space. Only intercepted matter can be captured, as a vortex is unable to grasp and influence matter falling outside the margin. The amount of matter in static regions the size of vortexes is insufficient for practical use, because even though vortexes can be very large in diameter the gaseous matter and dust of space is extraordinarily rarified. However, translating the vortex along its axis causes the constant interception of unending amounts of new space, similar to a propeller on an airplane, so that even greatly rarified gaseous regions of space provide ample resources for stellar accretion. These initial impulses are little more than kindling wood to a fire, the maintenance of combustion thereafter will require a fuel or energy source. The combined angular and linear motion of a vortex follows a cork-screw like path that essentially drills through space looking for resources. During the immature vortex phase an æther jet will form as well, which will exit primarily through one pole only due to the proper linear motion of the entire vortex.  This jet produces linear thrust, which continually propels the entire vortex through space. This path is not arbitrary, but conforms to the existing flow streamlines of the next higher hierarchical vortex.

HOMI: Do planets form by the same accretion process?

Except for size, the initial vortex of a planet is entirely identical to that of a sun, consisting of a spiral vortex with polar ejecta. The early features are the same, a small rapidly rotating central mass, a very hot core, large incandescent polar plumes, and a broad equatorial accretion disc. This entire vortex revolves in an elliptical path around a central sun. This path is the direct equivalent of the proper motion of the central sun, but of a greatly reduced radius. The vortex axis is intentionally tilted to expose the greatest possible area to the interception of gas and dust from the existing solar accretion disk. The large diameter of a planetary vortex sweeps a wide path through the solar accretion disc, and drives all loose matter towards the planetary core. At first this matter impacts the surface as it freefalls from great distances, releasing energy in instantaneous bursts, keeping the surface in a molten state. As the density of the accretion disk diminishes, matter becomes scarce, the impacts cease, and the planet settles down to a slow gradual accumulation phase. The planet then reaches equilibrium between the thermal energy generated by the vortex, thermal radiation lost to space, and the angular rotation rate.

ALBI: Why did the MMX experiment not show any movement of this aether, when it seems to be in very rapid motion?

Now that an alternative gravitational process has been presented, it is possible to revisit the MMX experiment and analyse what happened to convince the scientific community that there was no æther. It is obvious at this point that the æther is in the business of transmitting momentum, and has several methods from which to choose to accomplish this. Momentum can move as part of a general physical flow similar to a wind, of which a jet is a good example. A second method is by oscillating radiation, of which light is an example. A third more subtle form is the aperiodic movement of momentum in a stagnated æther environment. A stagnated environment occurs when the central region of an inflowing vortex encounters the dense planetary core, and physical æther flow is inhibited. This also means that there is no physical outflow as well, and the æther is trapped as it were, confined within the physical matter. The  inflowing momentum has inertia and continues to flow toward the planet center as a continuous wave. This wave is aperiodic, and has effectively an infinite wavelength, so it is treated by other radiation as simply another wave. Since this inflow is a type of radiation, it is ignored by other electro-magnetic phenomena. The inflow is gradually absorbed by the physical mass, and is converted to a downward thrust (gravitation) which ultimately becomes thermal motion through Maxwellian diffusion. This thermal motion then generates electro-magnetic radiation which escapes from the planet forming an outflow. The escaping thermal energy exactly equals the momentum influx, otherwise the temperature of the planet would fluctuate. This influx also keeps the temperature of the planet at several hundred degrees above absolute zero. The vortex rotates syncronously* with the planet, so there is no relative movement relative to the planet surface. Any experimental apparatus that is fixed upon the planetary surface (e.g. MMX) can never detect any movement of the æther, because there is none at the surface.

*Actually, there is a slightly greater eastward movement of the vortex, which has been revealed by GPS timing corrections. This indicates that the vortex permits a small amount of slip in the driving of the geologic mass.

ARCI: Would there also be a dust phase during planet formation?

Since a planet is generated by vortex action it does not need a solid physical body to generate a so-called gravitational force, the planet can exist as a gaseous sphere during the early phases. This can become a very large continuous dust storm, which later will settle down into solid planet. A planet is relatively small, so it is incapable of thermo-nuclear activity, but it is hot enough to act as a high temperature stratified pressure vessel, which can facilitate numerous chemical reactions. Many of these reactions involve methane and other hydrocarbon combinations that become linked in progressively more complex compounds. Methane is a common compound often present in planetary formation processes, and it is possible that all planets have a methane phase. Abiogenic hydrocarbon reactions, occurring thousands of meters below the surface, are a much more likely source of the current petroleum reserves than the decaying carcasses of dinosaurs. Multitudes of smaller organisms typically consume all carcasses as part of the normal food chain, leaving only the bones. Even in the oceans of today it is not possible to observe vast piles of organic sludge on the ocean floor that is not promptly consumed by armies of microbial life. The oil consumed in this day and age is as old as the earth itself, having formed from the very beginning from gasses trapped below the surface through a synthesis process that is aided by crustal heat and pressure.

ARCI: Do moons form with each planet?

Lunar formation follows the same pattern as other vortex activity, proportionally scaled to the size of the lunar body.  The density of the material used for formation is the product of the conditions in the plume of the parent planet. The plumes eject lighter materials to greater distances, hence the generally lower density of moons. Besides the purely pictorial value of the Moon in the night sky, lunar bodies are useful as agents of change for the host planet. Every sub-vortex distorts its parent vortex to some degree or another, which results in seismological and tidal activity, which in turn is responsible for modifications to topographical and meteorological conditions.

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INTERGALACTIC SPACE

PLATI: Why is the universe so large, is there a maximum size it can achieve?

All astronomical objects are separated by vast distances of seemingly empty space. This buffer zone serves to isolate stellar systems from each other and reduce the chance of collisions. Interstellar space forms a cushion that prevents the disrupting effects of pressure fluctuations perturbing adjacent systems. All astronomical systems require an energy input from the æther for their continued operation and energy output, and this creates a large low pressure sink in the æther. Interaction of these vortex regions would develop low pressure regions between them, drawing them together. Such objects, if not organized within a common gravitational vortex providing centrifugal separation, would risk collision. The measureless distances between galaxies allows ample time for galactic induced distortions in the æther to subside and to attenuate energetic particles before they can affect nearby systems. This is nothing less than a good neighbor policy on a cosmic scale. Enormous distances are necessary because they also function to collect, recycle, and stabilize energy. Regarding intergalactic space as a giant empty wastelands makes the observed Redshift and Microwave Background Radiation baffling and perplexing mysteries. It seems logical to assume that light from far off galaxies over the observable horizon must go somewhere, because it certainly cannot just disappear. In a virtually lossless medium such as the æther, electro-magnetic energy cannot simply become so feeble it no longer exists, but eventually must return to the general isotropic (potential) energy of the æther.

ARRI: Why does matter only exist as part of a larger galactic structure?

One of the unique features of the Intergalactic Space is that it is totally clear as though it had been swept completely clean. Contracting clouds of pre-existing hydrogen gas cannot begin to explain how this could possibly be so. Such contraction processes, even if they did occur, would leave at least some small traces of gas behind. It would be a reasonable expectation to find occasional lone stars here or there, but such stars never occur outside of galaxies. The spacing of galaxies, one from another, is of such purposeful uniformity as to hardly be accidental. Although patterns are visible in the general arrangement of galaxies, there is no noticeable evidence of gross clumping. No massive amorphous blobs exist that didn’t quite manage to form organized nuclei. There are by contrast, regularly spaced large scale Supercluster formations that seem to follow lanes or roadways, circumscribing even larger voids. The distance across any of these voids is of absolutely staggering proportions. These bubbles seem empty, as though intentionally bypassed. The physical work required to scour all matter from such extensive volumes would be of incalculable magnitude, consuming far more time than the universe age as projected by the Standard Model hypothesis. Rounding up matter from one area of the universe, to assemble galaxies in another is much like carrying coals to Newcastle. Raw materials exist everywhere in the universe in the form of æther from which all things can be made. The premise of æther theory is that these regions have never contained anything other than æther. All physical matter is created locally, at the location where it is needed and used. The very peculiar circular form of the large scale galactic groupings seems to suggest almost carousel-like circuits that stabilize and play host to families of galactic units. Interlocked as though gears in mesh, it is unrealistic to pretend that nature has such foresight and inventiveness. When structures so widespread and organized are observed, it is foolish to imagine them to be of an entirely accidental genesis.

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